試坑雙環注水試驗裝置

試坑雙環注水試驗裝置雙(shuang)(shuang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)測(ce)野(ye)外(wai)(wai)(wai)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)KS-500型 雙(shuang)(shuang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)測(ce)野(ye)外(wai)(wai)(wai)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu) 一(yi)、實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)目的(de)(de)(de)和(he)意(yi)義 雙(shuang)(shuang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)是野(ye)外(wai)(wai)(wai)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)包(bao)氣帶(dai)非(fei)飽和(he)松(song)散巖層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)易方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)更接近實(shi)際(ji)情(qing)況。利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)這個(ge)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)資料研究(jiu)區域性(xing)水(shui)(shui)均衡以及水(shui)(shui)庫、灌(guan)區、渠道滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)漏量(liang)(liang)(liang)等(deng)(deng)都(dou)(dou)是十分(fen)(fen)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。 二、實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa) 野(ye)外(wai)(wai)(wai)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)包(bao)氣帶(dai)非(fei)飽和(he)松(song)散巖層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是試(shi)(shi)坑法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，單環(huan)(huan)(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)雙(shuang)(shuang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。其(qi)中(zhong)雙(shuang)(shuang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)精度(du)。 三、實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)原理(li) 在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)質(zhi)邊界以內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)，向地(di)(di)表松(song)散巖層(ceng)進行注(zhu)(zhu)水(shui)(shui)，使(shi)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)到(dao)穩定(ding)(ding)，即單位時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)入(ru)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)近似相(xiang)等(deng)(deng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，再利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)達(da)(da)西(xi)定(ding)(ding)律的(de)(de)(de)原理(li)求出滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)（K）值(zhi)。 在(zai)(zai)(zai)坑底(di)嵌入(ru)兩(liang)個(ge)高(gao)(gao)(gao)約20cm，直徑分(fen)(fen)別為(wei)0.25m和(he)0.5m的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)環(huan)(huan)(huan)，試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)往內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)鐵(tie)環(huan)(huan)(huan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)注(zhu)(zhu)水(shui)(shui)，并(bing)保持(chi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)柱(zhu)都(dou)(dou)保持(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)同(tong)一(yi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)，以0.1m為(wei)宜(yi)，由于外(wai)(wai)(wai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)場的(de)(de)(de)約束作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)使(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)環(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)只能垂向滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)入(ru)，因而(er)排(pai)除了側向滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)誤差，因此它比(bi)試(shi)(shi)坑法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)單環(huan)(huan)(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)精度(du)都(dou)(dou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)。 圖1雙(shuang)(shuang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)水(shui)(shui)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)示(shi)意(yi)圖 四、實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)儀器(qi) 雙(shuang)(shuang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)、鐵(tie)鍬、尺子(zi)、水(shui)(shui)桶、膠帶(dai)、橡皮(pi)管 五(wu)、實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)步驟 （1）選擇試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)場地(di)(di)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)潛水(shui)(shui)埋藏深(shen)(shen)度(du)大于5m的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)為(wei)好。如(ru)果(guo)潛水(shui)(shui)埋深(shen)(shen)小于2m時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，因滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)路(lu)徑太短(duan)(duan)，測(ce)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)不(bu)真實(shi)，就不(bu)要(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)水(shui)(shui)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。 （2）按(an)雙(shuang)(shuang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)水(shui)(shui)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)示(shi)意(yi)圖，安(an)裝好試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)裝置。 （3）往內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)鐵(tie)環(huan)(huan)(huan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)注(zhu)(zhu)水(shui)(shui)，并(bing)保持(chi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)柱(zhu)都(dou)(dou)保持(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)同(tong)一(yi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)，以0.1m為(wei)宜(yi)。 （4）按(an)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)觀(guan)測(ce)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)入(ru)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。開始時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)入(ru)量(liang)(liang)(liang)大，觀(guan)測(ce)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)要(yao)短(duan)(duan)，稍后可(ke)按(an)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)比(bi)如(ru)每10分(fen)(fen)鐘觀(guan)測(ce)一(yi)次，直至(zhi)單位時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)入(ru)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)到(dao)相(xiang)對穩定(ding)(ding)，再延續2～4小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即可(ke)結束試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。 六、注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)事項 （1）隨時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)保持(chi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)環(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)柱(zhu)都(dou)(dou)保持(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)0.1m的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)一(yi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)。 （2）向供水(shui)(shui)瓶注(zhu)(zhu)水(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，做好水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)轉換(huan)的(de)(de)(de)換(huan)算(suan)(suan) 七、實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)成(cheng)果(guo) （1）野(ye)外(wai)(wai)(wai)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)水(shui)(shui)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)記錄格式(shi)見表1。 表1 野(ye)外(wai)(wai)(wai)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)水(shui)(shui)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)記錄 工程名稱(cheng)                    試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)          工程編號                    計(ji)算(suan)(suan)者(zhe)(zhe)            試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)日期                    校核(he)者(zhe)(zhe)            試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)次數(shu)(shu) 經(jing)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(s) 滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)m3/min 滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)速度(du)m/min 滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)m/min 注(zhu)(zhu)：A雙(shuang)(shuang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)徑面積(ji)（314cm2） I是水(shui)(shui)力(li)(li)梯度(du), （2）計(ji)算(suan)(suan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu) 根據(ju)達(da)(da)西(xi)定(ding)(ding)律：               k=Q/AI  式(shi)中(zhong) Q穩定(ding)(ding)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)（m3/min）；      K滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)（m/min）；      A雙(shuang)(shuang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)徑面積(ji)（m2）；      Z滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)坑內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)水(shui)(shui)層(ceng)厚度(du)（m）；      L在(zai)(zai)(zai)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)段內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)，水(shui)(shui)由試(shi)(shi)坑底(di)向土(tu)層(ceng)中(zhong)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)(shen)度(du)（m）；      Hk水(shui)(shui)向干(gan)土(tu)中(zhong)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，所產生的(de)(de)(de)毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)壓(ya)力(li)(li)，以水(shui)(shui)柱(zhu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)表示(shi)（m）； L值(zhi)可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)后用(yong)(yong)手搖鉆取樣，測(ce)定(ding)(ding)其(qi)含水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)變化得(de)知。Hk按(an)表2確定(ding)(ding)。如(ru)果(guo)當試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)為(wei)粗(cu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)或粗(cu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)卵(luan)石(shi)層(ceng)，而(er)試(shi)(shi)坑中(zhong)水(shui)(shui)層(ceng)厚度(du)為(wei)10cm時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，Hk與Z及L相(xiang)比(bi)則很小I近似等(deng)(deng)于1，則 K=Q/A=V（滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)速度(du)） 若試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)是粘(zhan)性(xing)土(tu)類，可(ke)按(an)Hk的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)數(shu)(shu)值(zhi)代(dai)入(ru)公式(shi)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)得(de)出I值(zhi)，再利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong) 求得(de)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)（K）。 表2. 不(bu)同(tong)巖性(xing)毛(mao)細(xi)(xi)壓(ya)力(li)(li)Hk表 巖石(shi)名稱(cheng) Hk（m） 巖石(shi)名稱(cheng) Hk（m） 重(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)粘(zhan)土(tu)輕亞(ya)粘(zhan)土(tu)重(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)土(tu)輕亞(ya)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)土(tu) 1.00.80.60.4 細(xi)(xi)粒粘(zhan)土(tu)質(zhi)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)粉砂(sha)(sha)(sha)細(xi)(xi)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)中(zhong)砂(sha)(sha)(sha) 0.30.20.10.05 （3）成(cheng)果(guo) 繪制(zhi)試(shi)(shi)坑平(ping)面位置圖； 計(ji)算(suan)(suan)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu)。 為(wei)了解在(zai)(zai)(zai)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)水(shui)(shui)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程中(zhong)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)及滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)速度(du)隨時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)變化，繪制(zhi)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)及滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)速度(du)隨的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)曲線